Millions Sit China’s Gaokao Amid Shifting Education Models Across Asia

More than 12.9 million young Chinese clutching pens and identity cards filed into examination halls across Beijing and beyond on Sunday, launching the annual gaokao — a multi-day ordeal that for most will be the single determinant of university admission. The gaokao, often described as the world’s most gruelling entrance exam, tests students on Chinese, mathematics, a foreign language, and either sciences or humanities. “It’s my first time, so I’m a bit anxious,” said Zhang Xinnan, 18, moments before entering the hall, voicing a sentiment echoing among the record number of candidates [A3][A4][A7]. This year, authorities stepped up security with intelligent monitoring, video surveillance and AI blocking tools to prevent cheating, signalling an intensifying technological arms race between examiners and enterprising test-takers [A8]. Sample questions from past papers, including fiendish English comprehension tasks, have circulated widely, offering outsiders a glimpse of the pressure packed into each answer sheet [A1].

The gaokao’s immense scale is rivalled elsewhere in Asia. In India, the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) draws approximately 1.5 million students annually, while the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Main sees up to 1.2 million candidates. Yet the Indian examination landscape is fragmented by logistics: predawn buses, unfamiliar cities and budget lodgings are a rite of passage for many [A6]. A persistent debate questions whether such high-stakes assessments can shift online, given India’s digital divide and rampant cheating scandals. The contrast with China’s tightly controlled, paper-based system — now layered with anti-collusion technology — underscores diverging national responses to mass testing.

Across Southeast Asia, institutions are quietly exploring alternatives that blend learning with international exposure. Indonesia’s Cyber University recently sent students on an “edutrip” to Singapore and Malaysia, visiting Singapore Management University and Universiti Kuala Lumpur to combine campus immersion with cultural exploration [A2]. In Bangladesh, the University of Dhaka has begun intake for a Professional Master’s in International Relations designed for working professionals, conducted entirely on weekends over 18 months. Its curriculum spans international law, foreign policy and diplomacy — catering to mid-career diplomats and businesspeople seeking global acumen outside the traditional exam-centric pathway [A5]. These initiatives, while modest, signal a growing appetite for experiential and flexible learning models in a region long dominated by high-pressure standardised tests.

Seen from London or Washington, the gaokao remains a potent symbol of China’s meritocratic ambitions — a rigorous filter that channelled generations into the country’s elite universities. Yet the emergence of niche programmes in Dhaka and Jakarta, and India’s tentative steps toward digitisation, hint at a broader recalibration. As labour markets shift and soft skills gain currency, the decades-old dominance of single-shot exams may gradually yield to more diversified admissions benchmarks. For now, however, millions of desks in Chinese classrooms stand in neat rows, their occupants bent over papers that will fatefully shape their personal and national trajectories. The gaokao endures; the question is for how long.